Many Londoners
know the name “Hogarth” very well, but could tell you nothing about the man
behind it. That is because the house in which the painter and engraver William
Hogarth lived his last years is close to a busy road junction on the main route
to the West, and the “Hogarth Roundabout” is a frequent scene of traffic
tailbacks. At the time he lived there this was a quiet rural retreat, well
removed from the bustle of the City, but now the traffic rumbles past his
garden wall, day and night. The contrast between then and now would doubtless
have appealed to Hogarth, who spent most of his professional life pointing out
contrasts to his contemporaries.
He was born in
Smithfield, London, on 10 November 1697, the eldest of three children of
Richard Hogarth, a schoolmaster and writer, and his wife Anne. Richard had
ambitions as a publisher of Latin and Greek textbooks, but he was largely
unsuccessful at this and spent some time in the Fleet prison for debt. He died
in poverty in 1718, this denying William any chance of a career in the
professions.
William
therefore became apprenticed to a silversmith for six years. However, he
abandoned silver for copper on completing his apprenticeship, and set up his
own copper-engraving business in 1720, producing business cards, funeral
tickets and similar products for several years. However, he also started to
work on more creative projects in the form of detailed prints of many-peopled
scenes. His first major project was a set of twelve large plates to illustrate
“Hudibras”, a mock-heroic poem by Samuel Butler.
He also had
ambitions as a painter, and in 1724 he enrolled at a painting and drawing
school run by the painter Sir James Thornhill, whom Hogarth greatly admired. He
learned quickly, and was producing work of high quality within a few years. He
also allied himself to Thornhill, and gained entry to his social circle, by
marrying his daughter in 1729.
It is probably
through Thornhill’s influence that Hogarth was commissioned to paint a group
portrait of a Parliamentary inquiry into prison conditions in 1729 (Thornhill
was also a Member of Parliament) and this led to further commissions. However,
political patronage had its drawbacks, in that political opponents of Thornhill
made it difficult for Hogarth to obtain some particularly attractive
commissions, for example for the Royal Family.
Hogarth soon
tired of painting portraits of the “great and the good” and began to experiment
with another genre, namely that of humorous satirical scenes. He painted a
picture of a Drury Lane harlot, which was seen by visitors to his studio who
suggested that he paint another. This he did, and then he had other ideas for
the subject and ended up with a series of six, showing the same character in
different scenes.
He then turned
to engraving his scenes and presenting them as a set of pictorial narratives to
tell a moral story. He had therefore invented the comic strip. The six scenes
became “A Harlot’s Progress”, showing how a young country girl arrives in town,
is seduced, becomes a prostitute and dies of syphilis, the final scene being of
her funeral. The scenes bore no text, other than on labels, book covers and the
like, but contained a wealth of detail that satirised anyone guilty, in
Hogarth’s eyes, of hypocrisy or double-dealing. The pictures tell the story;
you do not see a Hogarth engraving, you read it.
The series was
published in 1732 and was phenomenally successful. Within a year he had
received more than 1,400 orders for prints. The “Progress” made him famous and
rich.
His second
series was to do even better. “A Rake’s Progress”, a series of eight scenes,
started as a set of paintings completed in 1734, but Hogarth delayed
publication of the engraved prints so that he could protect his copyright. He
used his friends in high places to pilot an Act of Parliament that would ensure
that the copyright in engravings rested with the artist rather than the
publishers, and that unauthorised copying was forbidden for 14 years. The Act,
which became known as Hogarth’s Act, was passed in June 1735 and “A Rake’s
Progress” was published soon afterwards.
The subject is
a man who inherits a fortune, sends away his pregnant fiancée, and associates
with a range of social hangers-on whose only aim is to deprive him of his
wealth as quickly as possible. His attempts to regain his fortune through
marrying an heiress, and gambling, end in failure, and only his abandoned
fiancée mourns his eventual passing in a lunatic asylum.
However,
Hogarth’s fortunes were now going in the opposite direction to those of his
“rake”. He agreed to produce two huge wall-paintings at St Bartholomew’s
Hospital, free of charge as an act of charity but also to settle an old score
with a rival who had offended Hogarth’s patron and father-in-law, Sir James
Thornhill, who had just died. The paintings were on Biblical subjects, and in a
medium with which Hogarth was unfamiliar. As works of art they were only a
moderate success.
Moving back to
familiar territory, Hogarth produced “Southwark Fair” as a single painting and
engraving, and a set of four “Times of Day”, showing street scenes in different
parts of London. All of these are richly detailed and depict contrasts between
order and chaos.
Hogarth now
turned his attention once again to portraiture, and was not short of
commissions. Notable ones include those of Captain Coram, of the Foundling Hospital , and “David Garrick as Richard
III”. He also began to see himself as a
spokesman for British art, defending his countrymen against what he saw as an
unwelcome influx of works of art from the continent.
In 1743
Hogarth produced a new “moral series” in “Marriage a-la-mode”, six paintings
and engravings (although he did not engrave these himself) that satirise the
buying of social advancement, and the solving of debt problems, through
marriage. An impoverished earl’s son marries a social-climbing merchant’s
daughter, but the loveless marriage ends in disaster for both of them, caused
in part by their own foolishness.
“Industry and
Idleness”, a set of twelve engravings based on drawings, followed in 1747, and
were designed to encourage apprentices to work hard.
In 1751 he
published two of his best-known engravings, “Gin Lane” and “Beer Alley”, to
bring to public attention the scandalous level of alcohol abuse among the poor.
Gin was cheap and plentiful, and a quick route to oblivion for people who
wanted to escape the daily grind. Beer, however, was seen as a more wholesome
drink. Hogarth therefore portrays a gin-sodden mother letting her baby fall
from her breast to the ground, whereas the beer drinkers are prosperous, bluff
and hearty.
He touched on
subjects that were more directly political with some of his next works, such as
“O The Roast Beef of Old England” (1748), which owes much to English attitudes
towards the French and Jacobites, and the “Election” series (engraved 1754-8)
that portrays the corrupt practices that were common in pre-Reform Bill
England.
Despite his general
popularity, Hogarth was not without his critics. The criticism was largely
directed at his attempt to produce a theory of art in his 153-page volume “The
Analysis of Beauty”, published in 1753. Hogarth called for an empirical and
naturalistic approach to art, whereas many of his contemporaries took a more
idealistic line and, to Hogarth, resorted to artificiality in their work.
Hogarth was up against artists such as Joshua Reynolds, who championed the
continental, especially Italian, school of art.
In his later
years, Hogarth found himself at odds with the artistic and political establishment.
A commission that went wrong, when a painting was rejected by its commissioner,
led to Hogarth’s mental state coming under threat. He was also involved in the
rivalry between the similar-sounding Society of Artists and Society of Arts,
the former of which he supported. As ever, it was impossible to make friends in
the artistic world without also making enemies.
Politically,
Hogarth was on the Royalist side and opposed to the pro-war stance of Pitt (the
elder) and John Wilkes, with whom he was otherwise friendly. In 1762 he issued
a print called “The Times” which showed Pitt fanning the flames of war and the
government trying to put them out. This led to a breach with Wilkes and a
vitriolic attack by the latter (in his radical journal “The North Briton”) in
which Hogarth was accused of vanity, self-seeking, and lack of respect for his
fellow artists. The following year, Wilkes was arrested for a supposed
seditious libel against the King, and Hogarth took his revenge by attending the
hearing (at which Wilkes was acquitted) and drawing a caricature of him.
Hogarth was by
now a sick man, and the criticisms by Wilkes and other former friends did
nothing to improve either his health or his mood. He spent his last months
working on his autobiography, and died on 26th October 1764 at the
age of 66.
William
Hogarth was a strange mix in many ways. His engravings portray humour, pathos,
coarseness and subtlety in even measures. He was both an insider, being closely
associated with the leaders of the government, and an outsider in that he was
horrified at the practices of the high and mighty in society.
That he was
hugely influential there can be no doubt. The satirical caricatures of
Cruikshank and Gillray, and indeed of the newspaper cartoonists of the present
day, owe a huge amount to Hogarth, as do the penned caricatures of writers such
as Charles Dickens, who was an avowed admirer of Hogarth’s work. A visit to
Hogarth’s House in Chiswick, West London ,
where prints of his work adorn the walls throughout, is well worth making.
© John Welford
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